This book is about looking beyond what music therapists do in the NICU, to examine how the can think about the place of music for infants and families in the NICU. Shoemark and Ettenberger use ecological systems theory to examine the layers of culture, their interplay and the relative influences they exert on music therapy in the NICU. Authors from the cultures of South America, the USA, northern and southern Europe, and Australia provide pivotal insights about music in their society, the models of care in the NICU, the place of family, and within all of these, the models and implementation of music therapy in the NICU. Other issues of culture such as gender, type of NICU, and influences on emerging programs are considered.