Twin and higher-order pregnancies /
Khalil, Asma.
Twin and higher-order pregnancies / Asma Khalil. - 1 online resource (439 pages)
Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Contributors -- I: Biology -- 1: The Vanishing Twin Syndrome -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Embryonic Loss After ART -- 1.3 Types of VTS -- 1.4 VTS and Cerebral Palsy -- 1.5 VTS and Prenatal Diagnosis -- 1.6 VTS and Perinatal Outcomes -- 1.7 Epilogue -- 1.7.1 Review Questions -- 1.7.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 2: Placentation in Multiple Pregnancy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Monochorionic Versus Dichorionic Placentas: Macroscopy and Histology -- 2.2.1 Macroscopic Chorionicity Determination After Birth -- 2.2.2 Microscopic Chorionicity Determination After Birth -- 2.3 Specific Problems in Twin Placentas: Placenta Previa and Discordant Lesions -- 2.3.1 Placenta Previa -- 2.3.2 Placental Lesions -- 2.3.2.1 Pathologic Placental Findings -- 2.3.2.2 Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia -- 2.4 Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Twin Placentas -- 2.4.1 The Vascular Anastomoses -- 2.4.2 Placentas in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) -- 2.4.3 Placentas in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) After Fetoscopic Laser Surgery -- 2.4.4 Placentas in Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS) -- 2.4.5 Placentas in Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR) -- 2.4.6 Placentas in Monoamniotic Twins -- 2.4.7 Bipartite Monochorionic Placentas -- 2.5 Umbilical Cord Abnormalities in Twin Pregnancies -- 2.5.1 Single Umbilical Artery -- 2.5.2 Velamentous Cord Insertion -- 2.5.3 Vasa Previa -- 2.5.4 Cord Coiling -- 2.5.5 Proximate Cord Insertions in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies -- 2.5.6 Cord Entanglement -- 2.6 Conclusion -- 2.6.1 Review Questions -- 2.6.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 3: Biology and Genetics of Dizygotic and Monozygotic Twinning -- 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Zygosity, Chorionicity, Placentation of Twinning -- 3.3 Zygosity Determination -- 3.3.1 Physical Appearance -- 3.3.2 Placentation -- 3.3.3 DNA Typing -- 3.4 Etiology of Twinning -- 3.4.1 Genetic Causes of MZ Twins -- 3.4.2 Generation of MZ Twins -- 3.4.3 Genetic Causes of DZ Twins -- 3.4.4 Generation of DZ Twins -- 3.5 Incidence of Twins -- 3.5.1 Incidence of MZ Twins -- 3.5.2 Incidence of DZ Twins -- 3.5.3 Triplets and Higher-Order Multiples -- 3.6 Factors Affecting Twinning -- 3.6.1 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) -- 3.6.2 Other Risk Factors -- 3.7 Endocrinology of DZ Twinning -- 3.8 Non-human Twinning -- 3.9 Sex Ratio -- 3.10 Discussion and Conclusion -- 3.10.1 Review Questions -- 3.10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 4: Twin-Singleton Comparisons Across Multiple Domains of Life -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Congenital Disorders and Infant Mortality -- 4.3 Adult Twin-Sibling Comparisons Across a Wide Variety of Traits -- 4.3.1 Background and Procedure -- 4.3.2 The Outcomes of Twin-Sibling Comparisons Across Multiple Domains in the NTR -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- 4.5 Quotes by Twins -- 4.6 Review Questions -- 4.6.1 Multiple-Choice Questions -- 4.7 Appendix: Within-Family Twin - Non-Twin Comparisons Across a Wide Range of Traits Assessed in the Netherlands Twin Register -- 4.7.1 Participants and Selection Procedure -- 4.7.2 NTR Survey 8 -- 4.7.3 NTR Biobank -- 4.7.4 Analyses -- References -- Appendix: Within-Family Twin - Non-Twin Comparisons Across a Wide Range of Traits Assessed in the Netherlands Twin Register -- Key Reading -- II: Antenatal Care in Twins and Multiple Pregnancy -- 5: Dating of Twin Pregnancies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 When and How to Date Twin Pregnancies? -- 5.3 The Choice of the Fetus Upon Which to Base Dating -- 5.3.1 Review Questions. 5.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 6: Determining Chorionicity and Amnionicity -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.2.1 Timing of Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.2.2 Ultrasound Markers of Chorionicity -- 6.2.3 Ultrasound Markers of Amnionicity in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies -- 6.2.4 Pitfalls in Determining Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.3 Conclusion -- 6.3.1 Review Questions -- 6.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 7: Twin Labelling, Timing, Frequency and Content of Ultrasound Assessment -- 7.1 Twin Labelling -- 7.2 Timing, Frequency and Content of Ultrasound Assessment in Twin Pregnancy -- 7.2.1 Uncomplicated DC Twin Pregnancy -- 7.2.2 Monochorionic (MC) Twin Pregnancy -- 7.3 Triplets and Higher-Order Multifetal Pregnancy -- 7.3.1 Review Questions -- 7.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 8: Prenatal Screening for and Diagnosis of Aneuploidy in Twin Pregnancies -- 8.1 Screening Versus Diagnosis -- 8.2 Screening for Aneuploidies: What Can We Offer? -- 8.3 Screening for Aneuploidies: What if There Are Two or More? -- 8.3.1 Ultrasound Markers -- 8.3.1.1 Nuchal Translucency (NT) -- 8.3.1.2 Ductus Venosus Flow (DV) -- 8.3.1.3 Nasal Bone (NB) -- 8.3.2 Biochemical Markers -- 8.3.2.1 First-Trimester Combined Screening (Serum Markers and NT) -- 8.3.2.2 Second-Trimester Maternal Serum Screening -- 8.3.3 Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) or Cell-Free Fetal DNA Screening -- 8.4 Diagnostic Testing in Twin and Higher-Order Multiple Pregnancies -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.5.1 Review Questions -- 8.5.2 Mutiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 9: Assessment of Fetal Growth in Twins and Multiple Pregnancy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Normal Growth Trajectory of Multiple Pregnancies. 9.2.1 Twin Pregnancies -- 9.2.2 Triplet Pregnancies -- 9.3 Timing of Ultrasound Surveillance of Fetal Growth -- 9.3.1 Dichorionic Twins -- 9.3.2 Monochorionic Twins -- 9.3.3 Triplets -- 9.3.4 Fetal Dopplers -- 9.4 Selective Fetal Growth Restriction -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 9.5.1 Review Questions -- 9.5.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- III: Prenatal Complications in Multiple Pregnancy -- 10: Twin Pregnancies Discordant for Fetal Anomaly -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Discordant Structural Anomalies -- 10.2.1 Discordant Structural Anomalies in a Dichorionic Pair -- 10.2.2 Discordant Structural Anomalies in a Monochorionic Pair -- 10.3 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies -- 10.3.1 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies in a Dichorionic Pair -- 10.3.2 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies in a Monochorionic Pair -- 10.4 Conclusion -- 10.4.1 Review Questions -- 10.4.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 11: Fetal Reduction/Selective Termination in Uncomplicated Twins and Multiple Pregnancies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Selective Fetal Reduction and Selective Termination -- 11.3 Trichorionic Triamniotic (TCTA) Triplets -- 11.4 Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplets -- 11.5 Monochorionic Triplets -- 11.6 Twin Pregnancies -- 11.7 Selective Fetal Reduction - The Procedure -- 11.8 Timing of Fetal Reduction -- 11.9 The Procedure -- 11.9.1 Intra-thoracic Potassium Chloride -- 11.9.2 Selective Reduction in Monochorionic Pregnancies -- 11.9.2.1 Bipolar Cord Coagulation (BPC) -- 11.9.2.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) -- 11.9.2.3 Fetoscopic and Intra-fetal Laser Ablation -- 11.9.3 New Developments -- 11.10 Ethics of Patient Counselling -- 11.10.1 Review Questions -- 11.10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 12: Risk Assessment and Screening for Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancy. 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Impact of Chorionicity on the Risk of Preterm Birth -- 12.3 History of Previous Preterm Birth -- 12.4 Cervix Digital Examination -- 12.5 Uterine Activity Evaluation -- 12.6 Cervical Length Measurement in Asymptomatic Women -- 12.7 Fetal Fibronectin -- 12.8 Amniotic Fluid Sludge -- 12.9 Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis -- 12.10 Prevention of Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancies -- 12.10.1 Bed Rest or Limited Physical Activity -- 12.10.2 Prophylactic Tocolysis -- 12.11 Progesterone Supplementation in Asymptomatic Twin Pregnancy -- 12.11.1 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate (17-OHPC) -- 12.11.2 17 OH Progesterone in Twins with Short Cervical Length -- 12.11.3 17 OH Progesterone in Twins with History of Preterm Birth -- 12.11.4 Vaginal Progesterone in Unselected Twin Pregnancies -- 12.11.5 Vaginal Progesterone in Twins with Short Cervical Length -- 12.11.6 Vaginal Pessary -- 12.11.7 Vaginal Pessary in Unselected Twin Pregnancy -- 12.11.8 Vaginal Pessary in Twin Pregnancy with Short Cervical Length -- 12.12 Cervical Cerclage -- 12.12.1 History-Indicated Cerclage in Unselected Twin Pregnancy -- 12.12.2 History-Indicated Cerclage in Twin Pregnancy with History of Preterm Birth -- 12.12.3 Ultrasound-Indicated Cerclage in Asymptomatic Twin Pregnancy -- 12.12.4 Physical Exam-Indicated Cerclage in Twin Pregnancies -- 12.13 Conclusion -- 12.13.1 Review Questions -- 12.13.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 13: Fetal Growth Restriction -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Etiology -- 13.1.2 Diagnosis -- 13.1.3 Management -- 13.1.4 Triplet Pregnancies -- 13.1.5 Conclusion -- 13.1.6 Review Questions -- 13.1.7 Multiple-Choice Questions -- Patient Testimonials -- Stijn and Ruben, Fetal Growth Restriction from a Parent's Perspective -- References -- Key Reading. 14: Fetal Demise in Twins: Single and Double Fetal Loss.
9783030476526
Multiple pregnancy.
Electronic books.
Twin and higher-order pregnancies / Asma Khalil. - 1 online resource (439 pages)
Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Contributors -- I: Biology -- 1: The Vanishing Twin Syndrome -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Embryonic Loss After ART -- 1.3 Types of VTS -- 1.4 VTS and Cerebral Palsy -- 1.5 VTS and Prenatal Diagnosis -- 1.6 VTS and Perinatal Outcomes -- 1.7 Epilogue -- 1.7.1 Review Questions -- 1.7.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 2: Placentation in Multiple Pregnancy -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Monochorionic Versus Dichorionic Placentas: Macroscopy and Histology -- 2.2.1 Macroscopic Chorionicity Determination After Birth -- 2.2.2 Microscopic Chorionicity Determination After Birth -- 2.3 Specific Problems in Twin Placentas: Placenta Previa and Discordant Lesions -- 2.3.1 Placenta Previa -- 2.3.2 Placental Lesions -- 2.3.2.1 Pathologic Placental Findings -- 2.3.2.2 Complete Hydatidiform Mole and Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia -- 2.4 Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Twin Placentas -- 2.4.1 The Vascular Anastomoses -- 2.4.2 Placentas in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) -- 2.4.3 Placentas in Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS) After Fetoscopic Laser Surgery -- 2.4.4 Placentas in Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS) -- 2.4.5 Placentas in Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR) -- 2.4.6 Placentas in Monoamniotic Twins -- 2.4.7 Bipartite Monochorionic Placentas -- 2.5 Umbilical Cord Abnormalities in Twin Pregnancies -- 2.5.1 Single Umbilical Artery -- 2.5.2 Velamentous Cord Insertion -- 2.5.3 Vasa Previa -- 2.5.4 Cord Coiling -- 2.5.5 Proximate Cord Insertions in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies -- 2.5.6 Cord Entanglement -- 2.6 Conclusion -- 2.6.1 Review Questions -- 2.6.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 3: Biology and Genetics of Dizygotic and Monozygotic Twinning -- 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Zygosity, Chorionicity, Placentation of Twinning -- 3.3 Zygosity Determination -- 3.3.1 Physical Appearance -- 3.3.2 Placentation -- 3.3.3 DNA Typing -- 3.4 Etiology of Twinning -- 3.4.1 Genetic Causes of MZ Twins -- 3.4.2 Generation of MZ Twins -- 3.4.3 Genetic Causes of DZ Twins -- 3.4.4 Generation of DZ Twins -- 3.5 Incidence of Twins -- 3.5.1 Incidence of MZ Twins -- 3.5.2 Incidence of DZ Twins -- 3.5.3 Triplets and Higher-Order Multiples -- 3.6 Factors Affecting Twinning -- 3.6.1 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) -- 3.6.2 Other Risk Factors -- 3.7 Endocrinology of DZ Twinning -- 3.8 Non-human Twinning -- 3.9 Sex Ratio -- 3.10 Discussion and Conclusion -- 3.10.1 Review Questions -- 3.10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 4: Twin-Singleton Comparisons Across Multiple Domains of Life -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Congenital Disorders and Infant Mortality -- 4.3 Adult Twin-Sibling Comparisons Across a Wide Variety of Traits -- 4.3.1 Background and Procedure -- 4.3.2 The Outcomes of Twin-Sibling Comparisons Across Multiple Domains in the NTR -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- 4.5 Quotes by Twins -- 4.6 Review Questions -- 4.6.1 Multiple-Choice Questions -- 4.7 Appendix: Within-Family Twin - Non-Twin Comparisons Across a Wide Range of Traits Assessed in the Netherlands Twin Register -- 4.7.1 Participants and Selection Procedure -- 4.7.2 NTR Survey 8 -- 4.7.3 NTR Biobank -- 4.7.4 Analyses -- References -- Appendix: Within-Family Twin - Non-Twin Comparisons Across a Wide Range of Traits Assessed in the Netherlands Twin Register -- Key Reading -- II: Antenatal Care in Twins and Multiple Pregnancy -- 5: Dating of Twin Pregnancies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 When and How to Date Twin Pregnancies? -- 5.3 The Choice of the Fetus Upon Which to Base Dating -- 5.3.1 Review Questions. 5.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 6: Determining Chorionicity and Amnionicity -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.2.1 Timing of Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.2.2 Ultrasound Markers of Chorionicity -- 6.2.3 Ultrasound Markers of Amnionicity in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies -- 6.2.4 Pitfalls in Determining Chorio-amnionicity Determination -- 6.3 Conclusion -- 6.3.1 Review Questions -- 6.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 7: Twin Labelling, Timing, Frequency and Content of Ultrasound Assessment -- 7.1 Twin Labelling -- 7.2 Timing, Frequency and Content of Ultrasound Assessment in Twin Pregnancy -- 7.2.1 Uncomplicated DC Twin Pregnancy -- 7.2.2 Monochorionic (MC) Twin Pregnancy -- 7.3 Triplets and Higher-Order Multifetal Pregnancy -- 7.3.1 Review Questions -- 7.3.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 8: Prenatal Screening for and Diagnosis of Aneuploidy in Twin Pregnancies -- 8.1 Screening Versus Diagnosis -- 8.2 Screening for Aneuploidies: What Can We Offer? -- 8.3 Screening for Aneuploidies: What if There Are Two or More? -- 8.3.1 Ultrasound Markers -- 8.3.1.1 Nuchal Translucency (NT) -- 8.3.1.2 Ductus Venosus Flow (DV) -- 8.3.1.3 Nasal Bone (NB) -- 8.3.2 Biochemical Markers -- 8.3.2.1 First-Trimester Combined Screening (Serum Markers and NT) -- 8.3.2.2 Second-Trimester Maternal Serum Screening -- 8.3.3 Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) or Cell-Free Fetal DNA Screening -- 8.4 Diagnostic Testing in Twin and Higher-Order Multiple Pregnancies -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.5.1 Review Questions -- 8.5.2 Mutiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 9: Assessment of Fetal Growth in Twins and Multiple Pregnancy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Normal Growth Trajectory of Multiple Pregnancies. 9.2.1 Twin Pregnancies -- 9.2.2 Triplet Pregnancies -- 9.3 Timing of Ultrasound Surveillance of Fetal Growth -- 9.3.1 Dichorionic Twins -- 9.3.2 Monochorionic Twins -- 9.3.3 Triplets -- 9.3.4 Fetal Dopplers -- 9.4 Selective Fetal Growth Restriction -- 9.5 Conclusion -- 9.5.1 Review Questions -- 9.5.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- III: Prenatal Complications in Multiple Pregnancy -- 10: Twin Pregnancies Discordant for Fetal Anomaly -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Discordant Structural Anomalies -- 10.2.1 Discordant Structural Anomalies in a Dichorionic Pair -- 10.2.2 Discordant Structural Anomalies in a Monochorionic Pair -- 10.3 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies -- 10.3.1 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies in a Dichorionic Pair -- 10.3.2 Discordant Chromosomal Anomalies in a Monochorionic Pair -- 10.4 Conclusion -- 10.4.1 Review Questions -- 10.4.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 11: Fetal Reduction/Selective Termination in Uncomplicated Twins and Multiple Pregnancies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Selective Fetal Reduction and Selective Termination -- 11.3 Trichorionic Triamniotic (TCTA) Triplets -- 11.4 Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplets -- 11.5 Monochorionic Triplets -- 11.6 Twin Pregnancies -- 11.7 Selective Fetal Reduction - The Procedure -- 11.8 Timing of Fetal Reduction -- 11.9 The Procedure -- 11.9.1 Intra-thoracic Potassium Chloride -- 11.9.2 Selective Reduction in Monochorionic Pregnancies -- 11.9.2.1 Bipolar Cord Coagulation (BPC) -- 11.9.2.2 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) -- 11.9.2.3 Fetoscopic and Intra-fetal Laser Ablation -- 11.9.3 New Developments -- 11.10 Ethics of Patient Counselling -- 11.10.1 Review Questions -- 11.10.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 12: Risk Assessment and Screening for Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancy. 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Impact of Chorionicity on the Risk of Preterm Birth -- 12.3 History of Previous Preterm Birth -- 12.4 Cervix Digital Examination -- 12.5 Uterine Activity Evaluation -- 12.6 Cervical Length Measurement in Asymptomatic Women -- 12.7 Fetal Fibronectin -- 12.8 Amniotic Fluid Sludge -- 12.9 Screening for Bacterial Vaginosis -- 12.10 Prevention of Preterm Birth in Twin Pregnancies -- 12.10.1 Bed Rest or Limited Physical Activity -- 12.10.2 Prophylactic Tocolysis -- 12.11 Progesterone Supplementation in Asymptomatic Twin Pregnancy -- 12.11.1 17a-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate (17-OHPC) -- 12.11.2 17 OH Progesterone in Twins with Short Cervical Length -- 12.11.3 17 OH Progesterone in Twins with History of Preterm Birth -- 12.11.4 Vaginal Progesterone in Unselected Twin Pregnancies -- 12.11.5 Vaginal Progesterone in Twins with Short Cervical Length -- 12.11.6 Vaginal Pessary -- 12.11.7 Vaginal Pessary in Unselected Twin Pregnancy -- 12.11.8 Vaginal Pessary in Twin Pregnancy with Short Cervical Length -- 12.12 Cervical Cerclage -- 12.12.1 History-Indicated Cerclage in Unselected Twin Pregnancy -- 12.12.2 History-Indicated Cerclage in Twin Pregnancy with History of Preterm Birth -- 12.12.3 Ultrasound-Indicated Cerclage in Asymptomatic Twin Pregnancy -- 12.12.4 Physical Exam-Indicated Cerclage in Twin Pregnancies -- 12.13 Conclusion -- 12.13.1 Review Questions -- 12.13.2 Multiple-Choice Questions -- References -- Key Reading -- 13: Fetal Growth Restriction -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Etiology -- 13.1.2 Diagnosis -- 13.1.3 Management -- 13.1.4 Triplet Pregnancies -- 13.1.5 Conclusion -- 13.1.6 Review Questions -- 13.1.7 Multiple-Choice Questions -- Patient Testimonials -- Stijn and Ruben, Fetal Growth Restriction from a Parent's Perspective -- References -- Key Reading. 14: Fetal Demise in Twins: Single and Double Fetal Loss.
9783030476526
Multiple pregnancy.
Electronic books.